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Tcl_TraceVar(3) Tcl Library Procedures Tcl_TraceVar(3)
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NAME
Tcl_TraceVar, Tcl_TraceVar2, Tcl_UntraceVar, Tcl_UntraceVar2,
Tcl_VarTraceInfo, Tcl_VarTraceInfo2 - monitor accesses to a variable
SYNOPSIS
#include <tcl.h>
int
Tcl_TraceVar(interp, varName, flags, proc, clientData)
int
Tcl_TraceVar2(interp, name1, name2, flags, proc, clientData)
Tcl_UntraceVar(interp, varName, flags, proc, clientData)
Tcl_UntraceVar2(interp, name1, name2, flags, proc, clientData)
ClientData
Tcl_VarTraceInfo(interp, varName, flags, proc, prevClientData)
ClientData
Tcl_VarTraceInfo2(interp, name1, name2, flags, proc, prevClientData)
ARGUMENTS
Tcl_Interp *interp (in) Interpreter containing
variable.
const char *varName (in) Name of variable. May
refer to a scalar
variable, to an array
variable with no index,
or to an array variable
with a parenthesized
index.
int flags (in) OR-ed combination of the
values TCL_TRACE_READS,
TCL_TRACE_WRITES,
TCL_TRACE_UNSETS,
TCL_TRACE_ARRAY,
TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY,
TCL_NAMESPACE_ONLY,
TCL_TRACE_RESULT_DYNAMIC
and
TCL_TRACE_RESULT_OBJECT.
Not all flags are used by
all procedures. See
below for more
information.
Tcl_VarTraceProc *proc (in) Procedure to invoke
whenever one of the
traced operations occurs.
ClientData clientData (in) Arbitrary one-word value
to pass to proc.
const char *name1 (in) Name of scalar or array
variable (without array
index).
const char *name2 (in) For a trace on an element
of an array, gives the
index of the element.
For traces on scalar
variables or on whole
arrays, is NULL.
ClientData prevClientData (in) If non-NULL, gives last
value returned by
Tcl_VarTraceInfo or
Tcl_VarTraceInfo2, so
this call will return
information about next
trace. If NULL, this
call will return
information about first
trace.
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DESCRIPTION
Tcl_TraceVar allows a C procedure to monitor and control access to a
Tcl variable, so that the C procedure is invoked whenever the variable
is read or written or unset. If the trace is created successfully then
Tcl_TraceVar returns TCL_OK. If an error occurred (e.g. varName
specifies an element of an array, but the actual variable is not an
array) then TCL_ERROR is returned and an error message is left in the
interpreter's result.
The flags argument to Tcl_TraceVar indicates when the trace procedure
is to be invoked and provides information for setting up the trace. It
consists of an OR-ed combination of any of the following values:
TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY
Normally, the variable will be looked up at the current level of
procedure call; if this bit is set then the variable will be
looked up at global level, ignoring any active procedures.
TCL_NAMESPACE_ONLY
Normally, the variable will be looked up at the current level of
procedure call; if this bit is set then the variable will be
looked up in the current namespace, ignoring any active
procedures.
TCL_TRACE_READS
Invoke proc whenever an attempt is made to read the variable.
TCL_TRACE_WRITES
Invoke proc whenever an attempt is made to modify the variable.
TCL_TRACE_UNSETS
Invoke proc whenever the variable is unset. A variable may be
unset either explicitly by an unset command, or implicitly when
a procedure returns (its local variables are automatically
unset) or when the interpreter is deleted (all variables are
automatically unset).
TCL_TRACE_ARRAY
Invoke proc whenever the array command is invoked. This gives
the trace procedure a chance to update the array before array
names or array get is called. Note that this is called before
an array set, but that will trigger write traces.
TCL_TRACE_RESULT_DYNAMIC
The result of invoking the proc is a dynamically allocated
string that will be released by the Tcl library via a call to
ckfree. Must not be specified at the same time as
TCL_TRACE_RESULT_OBJECT.
TCL_TRACE_RESULT_OBJECT
The result of invoking the proc is a Tcl_Obj* (cast to a char*)
with a reference count of at least one. The ownership of that
reference will be transferred to the Tcl core for release (when
the core has finished with it) via a call to Tcl_DecrRefCount.
Must not be specified at the same time as
TCL_TRACE_RESULT_DYNAMIC.
Whenever one of the specified operations occurs on the variable, proc
will be invoked. It should have arguments and result that match the
type Tcl_VarTraceProc:
typedef char *Tcl_VarTraceProc(
ClientData clientData,
Tcl_Interp *interp,
const char *name1,
const char *name2,
int flags);
The clientData and interp parameters will have the same values as those
passed to Tcl_TraceVar when the trace was created. ClientData
typically points to an application-specific data structure that
describes what to do when proc is invoked. Name1 and name2 give the
name of the traced variable in the normal two-part form (see the
description of Tcl_TraceVar2 below for details). Flags is an OR-ed
combination of bits providing several pieces of information. One of
the bits TCL_TRACE_READS, TCL_TRACE_WRITES, TCL_TRACE_ARRAY, or
TCL_TRACE_UNSETS will be set in flags to indicate which operation is
being performed on the variable. The bit TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY will be set
whenever the variable being accessed is a global one not accessible
from the current level of procedure call: the trace procedure will
need to pass this flag back to variable-related procedures like
Tcl_GetVar if it attempts to access the variable. The bit
TCL_NAMESPACE_ONLY will be set whenever the variable being accessed is
a namespace one not accessible from the current level of procedure
call: the trace procedure will need to pass this flag back to
variable-related procedures like Tcl_GetVar if it attempts to access
the variable. The bit TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED will be set in flags if the
trace is about to be destroyed; this information may be useful to proc
so that it can clean up its own internal data structures (see the
section TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED below for more details). Lastly, the bit
TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED will be set if the entire interpreter is being
destroyed. When this bit is set, proc must be especially careful in
the things it does (see the section TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED below). The
trace procedure's return value should normally be NULL; see ERROR
RETURNS below for information on other possibilities.
Tcl_UntraceVar may be used to remove a trace. If the variable
specified by interp, varName, and flags has a trace set with flags,
proc, and clientData, then the corresponding trace is removed. If no
such trace exists, then the call to Tcl_UntraceVar has no effect. The
same bits are valid for flags as for calls to Tcl_TraceVar.
Tcl_VarTraceInfo may be used to retrieve information about traces set
on a given variable. The return value from Tcl_VarTraceInfo is the
clientData associated with a particular trace. The trace must be on
the variable specified by the interp, varName, and flags arguments
(only the TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY and TCL_NAMESPACE_ONLY bits from flags is
used; other bits are ignored) and its trace procedure must the same as
the proc argument. If the prevClientData argument is NULL then the
return value corresponds to the first (most recently created) matching
trace, or NULL if there are no matching traces. If the prevClientData
argument is not NULL, then it should be the return value from a
previous call to Tcl_VarTraceInfo. In this case, the new return value
will correspond to the next matching trace after the one whose
clientData matches prevClientData, or NULL if no trace matches
prevClientData or if there are no more matching traces after it. This
mechanism makes it possible to step through all of the traces for a
given variable that have the same proc.
TWO-PART NAMES
The procedures Tcl_TraceVar2, Tcl_UntraceVar2, and Tcl_VarTraceInfo2
are identical to Tcl_TraceVar, Tcl_UntraceVar, and Tcl_VarTraceInfo,
respectively, except that the name of the variable consists of two
parts. Name1 gives the name of a scalar variable or array, and name2
gives the name of an element within an array. When name2 is NULL,
name1 may contain both an array and an element name: if the name
contains an open parenthesis and ends with a close parenthesis, then
the value between the parentheses is treated as an element name (which
can have any string value) and the characters before the first open
parenthesis are treated as the name of an array variable. If name2 is
NULL and name1 does not refer to an array element it means that either
the variable is a scalar or the trace is to be set on the entire array
rather than an individual element (see WHOLE-ARRAY TRACES below for
more information).
ACCESSING VARIABLES DURING TRACES
During read, write, and array traces, the trace procedure can read,
write, or unset the traced variable using Tcl_GetVar2, Tcl_SetVar2, and
other procedures. While proc is executing, traces are temporarily
disabled for the variable, so that calls to Tcl_GetVar2 and Tcl_SetVar2
will not cause proc or other trace procedures to be invoked again.
Disabling only occurs for the variable whose trace procedure is active;
accesses to other variables will still be traced. However, if a
variable is unset during a read or write trace then unset traces will
be invoked.
During unset traces the variable has already been completely expunged.
It is possible for the trace procedure to read or write the variable,
but this will be a new version of the variable. Traces are not
disabled during unset traces as they are for read and write traces, but
existing traces have been removed from the variable before any trace
procedures are invoked. If new traces are set by unset trace
procedures, these traces will be invoked on accesses to the variable by
the trace procedures.
CALLBACK TIMING
When read tracing has been specified for a variable, the trace
procedure will be invoked whenever the variable's value is read. This
includes set Tcl commands, $-notation in Tcl commands, and invocations
of the Tcl_GetVar and Tcl_GetVar2 procedures. Proc is invoked just
before the variable's value is returned. It may modify the value of
the variable to affect what is returned by the traced access. If it
unsets the variable then the access will return an error just as if the
variable never existed.
When write tracing has been specified for a variable, the trace
procedure will be invoked whenever the variable's value is modified.
This includes set commands, commands that modify variables as side
effects (such as catch and scan), and calls to the Tcl_SetVar and
Tcl_SetVar2 procedures). Proc will be invoked after the variable's
value has been modified, but before the new value of the variable has
been returned. It may modify the value of the variable to override the
change and to determine the value actually returned by the traced
access. If it deletes the variable then the traced access will return
an empty string.
When array tracing has been specified, the trace procedure will be
invoked at the beginning of the array command implementation, before
any of the operations like get, set, or names have been invoked. The
trace procedure can modify the array elements with Tcl_SetVar and
Tcl_SetVar2.
When unset tracing has been specified, the trace procedure will be
invoked whenever the variable is destroyed. The traces will be called
after the variable has been completely unset.
WHOLE-ARRAY TRACES
If a call to Tcl_TraceVar or Tcl_TraceVar2 specifies the name of an
array variable without an index into the array, then the trace will be
set on the array as a whole. This means that proc will be invoked
whenever any element of the array is accessed in the ways specified by
flags. When an array is unset, a whole-array trace will be invoked
just once, with name1 equal to the name of the array and name2 NULL;
it will not be invoked once for each element.
MULTIPLE TRACES
It is possible for multiple traces to exist on the same variable. When
this happens, all of the trace procedures will be invoked on each
access, in order from most-recently-created to least-recently-created.
When there exist whole-array traces for an array as well as traces on
individual elements, the whole-array traces are invoked before the
individual-element traces. If a read or write trace unsets the
variable then all of the unset traces will be invoked but the remainder
of the read and write traces will be skipped.
ERROR RETURNS
Under normal conditions trace procedures should return NULL, indicating
successful completion. If proc returns a non-NULL value it signifies
that an error occurred. The return value must be a pointer to a static
character string containing an error message, unless (exactly one of)
the TCL_TRACE_RESULT_DYNAMIC and TCL_TRACE_RESULT_OBJECT flags is set,
which specify that the result is either a dynamic string (to be
released with ckfree) or a Tcl_Obj* (cast to char* and to be released
with Tcl_DecrRefCount) containing the error message. If a trace
procedure returns an error, no further traces are invoked for the
access and the traced access aborts with the given message. Trace
procedures can use this facility to make variables read-only, for
example (but note that the value of the variable will already have been
modified before the trace procedure is called, so the trace procedure
will have to restore the correct value).
The return value from proc is only used during read and write tracing.
During unset traces, the return value is ignored and all relevant trace
procedures will always be invoked.
RESTRICTIONS
A trace procedure can be called at any time, even when there are
partially formed results stored in the interpreter. If the trace
procedure does anything that could damage this result (such as calling
Tcl_Eval) then it must use the Tcl_SaveInterpState and related routines
to save and restore the original state of the interpreter before it
returns.
UNDEFINED VARIABLES
It is legal to set a trace on an undefined variable. The variable will
still appear to be undefined until the first time its value is set. If
an undefined variable is traced and then unset, the unset will fail
with an error ("no such variable"), but the trace procedure will still
be invoked.
TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED FLAG
In an unset callback to proc, the TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED bit is set in
flags if the trace is being removed as part of the deletion. Traces on
a variable are always removed whenever the variable is deleted; the
only time TCL_TRACE_DESTROYED is not set is for a whole-array trace
invoked when only a single element of an array is unset.
TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED
When an interpreter is destroyed, unset traces are called for all of
its variables. The TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED bit will be set in the flags
argument passed to the trace procedures. Trace procedures must be
extremely careful in what they do if the TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED bit is
set. It is not safe for the procedures to invoke any Tcl procedures on
the interpreter, since its state is partially deleted. All that trace
procedures should do under these circumstances is to clean up and free
their own internal data structures.
BUGS
Tcl does not do any error checking to prevent trace procedures from
misusing the interpreter during traces with TCL_INTERP_DESTROYED set.
Array traces are not yet integrated with the Tcl info exists command,
nor is there Tcl-level access to array traces.
SEE ALSO
trace(n)
KEYWORDS
clientData, trace, variable
Tcl 7.4 Tcl_TraceVar(3)