DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages
BUILTIN(1) DragonFly General Commands Manual BUILTIN(1)
NAME
builtin, !, %, ., :, @, [, {, }, alias, alloc, bg, bind, bindkey, break,
breaksw, builtins, case, cd, chdir, command, complete, continue, default,
dirs, do, done, echo, echotc, elif, else, end, endif, endsw, esac, eval,
exec, exit, export, false, fc, fg, filetest, fi, for, foreach, getopts,
glob, goto, hash, hashstat, history, hup, if, jobid, jobs, kill, let,
limit, local, log, login, logout, ls-F, nice, nohup, notify, onintr,
popd, printenv, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, rehash, repeat,
return, sched, set, setenv, settc, setty, setvar, shift, source, stop,
suspend, switch, telltc, termname, test, then, time, times, trap, true,
type, ulimit, umask, unalias, uncomplete, unhash, unlimit, unset,
unsetenv, until, wait, where, which, while, wordexp, wordexp2 - shell
built-in commands
SYNOPSIS
See the built-in command description in the appropriate shell manual
page.
DESCRIPTION
Shell builtin commands are commands that can be executed within the
running shell's process. Note that, in the case of csh(1) builtin
commands, the command is executed in a subshell if it occurs as any
component of a pipeline except the last.
If a command specified to the shell contains a slash `/', the shell will
not execute a builtin command, even if the last component of the
specified command matches the name of a builtin command. Thus, while
specifying "echo" causes a builtin command to be executed under shells
that support the echo builtin command, specifying "/bin/echo" or "./echo"
does not.
While some builtin commands may exist in more than one shell, their
operation may be different under each shell which supports them. Below
is a table which lists shell builtin commands, the standard shells that
support them and whether they exist as standalone utilities.
Only builtin commands for the csh(1) and sh(1) shells are listed here.
Consult a shell's manual page for details on the operation its builtin
commands. Beware that the sh(1) manual page, at least, calls some of
these commands "built-in commands" and some of them "reserved words".
Users of other shells may need to consult an info(1) page or other
sources of documentation.
Commands marked "No**" under External do exist externally, but are
implemented as scripts using a builtin command of the same name.
Command External csh(1) sh(1)
! No No Yes
% No Yes No
. No No Yes
: No Yes Yes
@ No Yes No
[ Yes No Yes
{ No No Yes
} No No Yes
alias No** Yes Yes
alloc No Yes No
bg No** Yes Yes
bind No No Yes
bindkey No Yes No
break No Yes Yes
breaksw No Yes No
builtin No No Yes
builtins No Yes No
case No Yes Yes
cd No** Yes Yes
chdir No Yes Yes
command No** No Yes
complete No Yes No
continue No Yes Yes
default No Yes No
dirs No Yes No
do No No Yes
done No No Yes
echo Yes Yes Yes
echotc No Yes No
elif No No Yes
else No Yes Yes
end No Yes No
endif No Yes No
endsw No Yes No
esac No No Yes
eval No Yes Yes
exec No Yes Yes
exit No Yes Yes
export No No Yes
false Yes No Yes
fc No** No Yes
fg No** Yes Yes
filetest No Yes No
fi No No Yes
for No No Yes
foreach No Yes No
getopts No** No Yes
glob No Yes No
goto No Yes No
hash No No Yes
hashstat No Yes No
history No Yes No
hup No Yes No
if No Yes Yes
jobid No No Yes
jobs No** Yes Yes
kill Yes Yes Yes
let No No Yes
limit No Yes No
local No No Yes
log No Yes No
login Yes Yes No
logout No Yes No
ls-F No Yes No
nice Yes Yes No
nohup Yes Yes No
notify No Yes No
onintr No Yes No
popd No Yes No
printenv Yes Yes No
printf Yes No Yes
pushd No Yes No
pwd Yes No Yes
read No** No Yes
readonly No No Yes
rehash No Yes No
repeat No Yes No
return No No Yes
sched No Yes No
set No Yes Yes
setenv No Yes No
settc No Yes No
setty No Yes No
setvar No No Yes
shift No Yes Yes
source No Yes No
stop No Yes No
suspend No Yes No
switch No Yes No
telltc No Yes No
termname No Yes No
test Yes No Yes
then No No Yes
time Yes Yes No
times No No Yes
trap No No Yes
true Yes No Yes
type No No Yes
ulimit No No Yes
umask No** Yes Yes
unalias No** Yes Yes
uncomplete No Yes No
unhash No Yes No
unlimit No Yes No
unset No Yes Yes
unsetenv No Yes No
until No No Yes
wait No** Yes Yes
where No Yes No
which Yes Yes No
while No Yes Yes
wordexp No No Yes
wordexp2 No No Yes
Note that the wordexp and wordexp2 commands are only meant to be used by
wordexp(3) and not by the user.
SEE ALSO
csh(1), echo(1), false(1), info(1), kill(1), login(1), nice(1), nohup(1),
printenv(1), printf(1), pwd(1), sh(1), test(1), time(1), true(1),
which(1), wordexp(3)
HISTORY
The builtin manual page first appeared in FreeBSD 3.4.
AUTHORS
This manual page was written by Sheldon Hearn <sheldonh@FreeBSD.org>.
DragonFly 5.9-DEVELOPMENT October 9, 2020 DragonFly 5.9-DEVELOPMENT
history(n) Tcl Built-In Commands history(n)
______________________________________________________________________________
NAME
history - Manipulate the history list
SYNOPSIS
history ?option? ?arg arg ...?
______________________________________________________________________________
DESCRIPTION
The history command performs one of several operations related to
recently-executed commands recorded in a history list. Each of these
recorded commands is referred to as an "event". When specifying an
event to the history command, the following forms may be used:
[1] A number: if positive, it refers to the event with that number
(all events are numbered starting at 1). If the number is
negative, it selects an event relative to the current event (-1
refers to the previous event, -2 to the one before that, and so
on). Event 0 refers to the current event.
[2] A string: selects the most recent event that matches the
string. An event is considered to match the string either if
the string is the same as the first characters of the event, or
if the string matches the event in the sense of the string match
command.
The history command can take any of the following forms:
history
Same as history info, described below.
history add command ?exec?
Adds the command argument to the history list as a new event.
If exec is specified (or abbreviated) then the command is also
executed and its result is returned. If exec is not specified
then an empty string is returned as result.
history change newValue ?event?
Replaces the value recorded for an event with newValue. Event
specifies the event to replace, and defaults to the current
event (not event -1). This command is intended for use in
commands that implement new forms of history substitution and
wish to replace the current event (which invokes the
substitution) with the command created through substitution.
The return value is an empty string.
history clear
Erase the history list. The current keep limit is retained.
The history event numbers are reset.
history event ?event?
Returns the value of the event given by event. Event defaults
to -1.
history info ?count?
Returns a formatted string (intended for humans to read) giving
the event number and contents for each of the events in the
history list except the current event. If count is specified
then only the most recent count events are returned.
history keep ?count?
This command may be used to change the size of the history list
to count events. Initially, 20 events are retained in the
history list. If count is not specified, the current keep limit
is returned.
history nextid
Returns the number of the next event to be recorded in the
history list. It is useful for things like printing the event
number in command-line prompts.
history redo ?event?
Re-executes the command indicated by event and returns its
result. Event defaults to -1. This command results in history
revision: see below for details.
HISTORY REVISION
Pre-8.0 Tcl had a complex history revision mechanism. The current
mechanism is more limited, and the old history operations substitute
and words have been removed. (As a consolation, the clear operation
was added.)
The history option redo results in much simpler "history revision".
When this option is invoked then the most recent event is modified to
eliminate the history command and replace it with the result of the
history command. If you want to redo an event without modifying
history, then use the event operation to retrieve some event, and the
add operation to add it to history and execute it.
KEYWORDS
event, history, record
Tcl history(n)