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IP6(4) DragonFly Kernel Interfaces Manual IP6(4)
NAME
ip6 - Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) network layer
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
int
socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, proto);
DESCRIPTION
The IPv6 network layer is used by the IPv6 protocol family for
transporting data. IPv6 packets contain an IPv6 header that is not
provided as part of the payload contents when passed to an application.
IPv6 header options affect the behavior of this protocol and may be used
by high-level protocols (such as the tcp(4) and udp(4) protocols) as well
as directly by "raw sockets", which process IPv6 messages at a lower-
level and may be useful for developing new protocols and special-purpose
applications.
Header
All IPv6 packets begin with an IPv6 header. When data received by the
kernel are passed to the application, this header is not included in
buffer, even when raw sockets are being used. Likewise, when data are
sent to the kernel for transmit from the application, the buffer is not
examined for an IPv6 header: the kernel always constructs the header. To
directly access IPv6 headers from received packets and specify them as
part of the buffer passed to the kernel, link-level access (bpf(4), for
example) must instead be utilized.
The header has the following definition:
struct ip6_hdr {
union {
struct ip6_hdrctl {
u_int32_t ip6_un1_flow; /* 20 bits of flow ID */
u_int16_t ip6_un1_plen; /* payload length */
u_int8_t ip6_un1_nxt; /* next header */
u_int8_t ip6_un1_hlim; /* hop limit */
} ip6_un1;
u_int8_t ip6_un2_vfc; /* version and class */
} ip6_ctlun;
struct in6_addr ip6_src; /* source address */
struct in6_addr ip6_dst; /* destination address */
} __packed;
#define ip6_vfc ip6_ctlun.ip6_un2_vfc
#define ip6_flow ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_flow
#define ip6_plen ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_plen
#define ip6_nxt ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_nxt
#define ip6_hlim ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_hlim
#define ip6_hops ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_hlim
All fields are in network-byte order. Any options specified (see Options
below) must also be specified in network-byte order.
ip6_flow specifies the flow ID. ip6_plen specifies the payload length.
ip6_nxt specifies the type of the next header. ip6_hlim specifies the
hop limit.
The top 4 bits of ip6_vfc specify the class and the bottom 4 bits specify
the version.
ip6_src and ip6_dst specify the source and destination addresses.
The IPv6 header may be followed by any number of extension headers that
start with the following generic definition:
struct ip6_ext {
u_int8_t ip6e_nxt;
u_int8_t ip6e_len;
} __packed;
Options
IPv6 allows header options on packets to manipulate the behavior of the
protocol. These options and other control requests are accessed with the
getsockopt(2) and setsockopt(2) system calls at level IPPROTO_IPV6 and by
using ancillary data in recvmsg(2) and sendmsg(2). They can be used to
access most of the fields in the IPv6 header and extension headers.
The following socket options are supported:
IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS int *
Get or set the default hop limit header field for outgoing
unicast datagrams sent on this socket. A value of -1 resets to
the default value.
IPV6_MULTICAST_IF u_int *
Get or set the interface from which multicast packets will be
sent. For hosts with multiple interfaces, each multicast
transmission is sent from the primary network interface. The
interface is specified as its index as provided by
if_nametoindex(3). A value of zero specifies the default
interface.
IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS int *
Get or set the default hop limit header field for outgoing
multicast datagrams sent on this socket. This option controls
the scope of multicast datagram transmissions.
Datagrams with a hop limit of 1 are not forwarded beyond the
local network. Multicast datagrams with a hop limit of zero will
not be transmitted on any network but may be delivered locally if
the sending host belongs to the destination group and if
multicast loopback (see below) has not been disabled on the
sending socket. Multicast datagrams with a hop limit greater
than 1 may be forwarded to the other networks if a multicast
router (such as mrouted(8) (net/mrouted)) is attached to the
local network.
IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP u_int *
Get or set the status of whether multicast datagrams will be
looped back for local delivery when a multicast datagram is sent
to a group to which the sending host belongs.
This option improves performance for applications that may have
no more than one instance on a single host (such as a router
daemon) by eliminating the overhead of receiving their own
transmissions. It should generally not be used by applications
for which there may be more than one instance on a single host
(such as a conferencing program) or for which the sender does not
belong to the destination group (such as a time-querying
program).
A multicast datagram sent with an initial hop limit greater than
1 may be delivered to the sending host on a different interface
from that on which it was sent if the host belongs to the
destination group on that other interface. The multicast
loopback control option has no effect on such delivery.
IPV6_JOIN_GROUP struct ipv6_mreq *
Join a multicast group. A host must become a member of a
multicast group before it can receive datagrams sent to the
group.
struct ipv6_mreq {
struct in6_addr ipv6mr_multiaddr;
unsigned int ipv6mr_interface;
};
ipv6mr_interface may be set to zeroes to choose the default
multicast interface or to the index of a particular multicast-
capable interface if the host is multihomed. Membership is
associated with a single interface; programs running on
multihomed hosts may need to join the same group on more than one
interface.
If the multicast address is unspecified (i.e., all zeroes),
messages from all multicast addresses will be accepted by this
group. Note that setting to this value requires superuser
privileges.
IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP struct ipv6_mreq *
Drop membership from the associated multicast group. Memberships
are automatically dropped when the socket is closed or when the
process exits.
IPV6_PORTRANGE int *
Get or set the allocation policy of ephemeral ports for when the
kernel automatically binds a local address to this socket. The
following values are available:
IPV6_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT Use the regular range of non-reserved
ports (varies, see sysctl(8)).
IPV6_PORTRANGE_HIGH Use a high range (varies, see sysctl(8)).
IPV6_PORTRANGE_LOW Use a low, reserved range (600-1023).
IPV6_PKTINFO int *
Get or set whether additional information about subsequent
packets will be provided as ancillary data along with the payload
in subsequent recvmsg(2) calls. The information is stored in the
following structure in the ancillary data returned:
struct in6_pktinfo {
struct in6_addr ipi6_addr; /* src/dst IPv6 address */
unsigned int ipi6_ifindex; /* send/recv if index */
};
IPV6_HOPLIMIT int *
Get or set whether the hop limit header field from subsequent
packets will be provided as ancillary data along with the payload
in subsequent recvmsg(2) calls. The value is stored as an int in
the ancillary data returned.
IPV6_HOPOPTS int *
Get or set whether the hop-by-hop options from subsequent packets
will be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in
subsequent recvmsg(2) calls. The option is stored in the
following structure in the ancillary data returned:
struct ip6_hbh {
u_int8_t ip6h_nxt; /* next header */
u_int8_t ip6h_len; /* length in units of 8 octets */
/* followed by options */
} __packed;
The inet6_option_space() routine and family of routines may be
used to manipulate this data.
This option requires superuser privileges.
IPV6_DSTOPTS int *
Get or set whether the destination options from subsequent
packets will be provided as ancillary data along with the payload
in subsequent recvmsg(2) calls. The option is stored in the
following structure in the ancillary data returned:
struct ip6_dest {
u_int8_t ip6d_nxt; /* next header */
u_int8_t ip6d_len; /* length in units of 8 octets */
/* followed by options */
} __packed;
The inet6_option_space() routine and family of routines may be
used to manipulate this data.
This option requires superuser privileges.
IPV6_RTHDR int *
Get or set whether the routing header from subsequent packets
will be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in
subsequent recvmsg(2) calls. The header is stored in the
following structure in the ancillary data returned:
struct ip6_rthdr {
u_int8_t ip6r_nxt; /* next header */
u_int8_t ip6r_len; /* length in units of 8 octets */
u_int8_t ip6r_type; /* routing type */
u_int8_t ip6r_segleft; /* segments left */
/* followed by routing-type-specific data */
} __packed;
The inet6_option_space() routine and family of routines may be
used to manipulate this data.
This option requires superuser privileges.
IPV6_PKTOPTIONS struct cmsghdr *
Get or set all header options and extension headers at one time
on the last packet sent or received on the socket. All options
must fit within the size of an mbuf (see mbuf(9)). Options are
specified as a series of cmsghdr structures followed by
corresponding values. cmsg_level is set to IPPROTO_IPV6,
cmsg_type to one of the other values in this list, and trailing
data to the option value. When setting options, if the length
optlen to setsockopt(2) is zero, all header options will be reset
to their default values. Otherwise, the length should specify
the size the series of control messages consumes.
Instead of using sendmsg(2) to specify option values, the
ancillary data used in these calls that correspond to the desired
header options may be directly specified as the control message
in the series of control messages provided as the argument to
setsockopt(2).
IPV6_CHECKSUM int *
Get or set the byte offset into a packet where the 16-bit
checksum is located. When set, this byte offset is where
incoming packets will be expected to have checksums of their data
stored and where outgoing packets will have checksums of their
data computed and stored by the kernel. A value of -1 specifies
that no checksums will be checked on incoming packets and that no
checksums will be computed or stored on outgoing packets. The
offset of the checksum for ICMPv6 sockets cannot be relocated or
turned off.
IPV6_V6ONLY int *
Setting this option disallows ipv6<->ipv4 mappings. Clearing
this option allows such mappings. However, DragonFly no longer
implements ipv6<->ipv4 mappings. The value set by this option
will be ignored and the socketopt will succeed in both cases.
getsockopt(2) for this option will always return a value of 1,
indicating that ipv6 sockets only operate with ipv6 and will not
map ipv4.
IPV6_USE_MIN_MTU int *
Get or set whether the minimal IPv6 maximum transmission unit
(MTU) size will be used to avoid fragmentation from occurring for
subsequent outgoing datagrams.
The IPV6_PKTINFO, IPV6_HOPLIMIT, IPV6_HOPOPTS, IPV6_DSTOPTS, and
IPV6_RTHDR options will return ancillary data along with payload contents
in subsequent recvmsg(2) calls with cmsg_level set to IPPROTO_IPV6 and
cmsg_type set to respective option name value (e.g., IPV6_HOPLIMIT).
These options may also be used directly as ancillary cmsg_type values in
sendmsg(2) to set options on the packet being transmitted by the call.
The cmsg_level value must be IPPROTO_IPV6. For these options, the
ancillary data object value format is the same as the value returned as
explained for each when received with recvmsg(2).
Note that using sendmsg(2) to specify options on particular packets works
only on UDP and raw sockets. To manipulate header options for packets on
TCP sockets, only the socket options may be used.
In some cases, there are multiple APIs defined for manipulating an IPv6
header field. A good example is the outgoing interface for multicast
datagrams, which can be set by the IPV6_MULTICAST_IF socket option,
through the IPV6_PKTINFO option, and through the sin6_scope_id field of
the socket address passed to the sendto(2) system call.
Resolving these conflicts is implementation dependent. This
implementation determines the value in the following way: options
specified by using ancillary data (i.e., sendmsg(2)) are considered
first, options specified by using IPV6_PKTOPTIONS to set "sticky" options
are considered second, options specified by using the individual, basic,
and direct socket options (e.g., IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS) are considered third,
and options specified in the socket address supplied to sendto(2) are the
last choice.
Multicasting
IPv6 multicasting is supported only on AF_INET6 sockets of type
SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW, and only on networks where the interface driver
supports multicasting. Socket options (see above) that manipulate
membership of multicast groups and other multicast options include
IPV6_MULTICAST_IF, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS, IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP,
IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP, and IPV6_JOIN_GROUP.
Raw Sockets
Raw IPv6 sockets are connectionless and are normally used with the
sendto(2) and recvfrom(2) calls, although the connect(2) call may be used
to fix the destination address for future outgoing packets so that
send(2) may instead be used and the bind(2) call may be used to fix the
source address for future outgoing packets instead of having the kernel
choose a source address.
By using connect(2) or bind(2), raw socket input is constrained to only
packets with their source address matching the socket destination address
if connect(2) was used and to packets with their destination address
matching the socket source address if bind(2) was used.
If the proto argument to socket(2) is zero, the default protocol
(IPPROTO_RAW) is used for outgoing packets. For incoming packets,
protocols recognized by kernel are not passed to the application socket
(e.g., tcp(4) and udp(4)) except for some ICMPv6 messages. The ICMPv6
messages not passed to raw sockets include echo, timestamp, and address
mask requests. If proto is non-zero, only packets with this protocol
will be passed to the socket.
IPv6 fragments are also not passed to application sockets until they have
been reassembled. If reception of all packets is desired, link-level
access (such as bpf(4)) must be used instead.
Outgoing packets automatically have an IPv6 header prepended to them
(based on the destination address and the protocol number the socket was
created with). Incoming packets are received by an application without
the IPv6 header or any extension headers.
Outgoing packets will be fragmented automatically by the kernel if they
are too large. Incoming packets will be reassembled before being sent to
the raw socket, so packet fragments or fragment headers will never be
seen on a raw socket.
EXAMPLES
The following determines the hop limit on the next packet received:
struct iovec iov[2];
u_char buf[BUFSIZ];
struct cmsghdr *cm;
struct msghdr m;
int found, optval;
u_char data[2048];
/* Create socket. */
(void)memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
(void)memset(&iov, 0, sizeof(iov));
iov[0].iov_base = data; /* buffer for packet payload */
iov[0].iov_len = sizeof(data); /* expected packet length */
m.msg_name = &from; /* sockaddr_in6 of peer */
m.msg_namelen = sizeof(from);
m.msg_iov = iov;
m.msg_iovlen = 1;
m.msg_control = (caddr_t)buf; /* buffer for control messages */
m.msg_controllen = sizeof(buf);
/*
* Enable the hop limit value from received packets to be
* returned along with the payload.
*/
optval = 1;
if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_HOPLIMIT, &optval,
sizeof(optval)) == -1)
err(1, "setsockopt");
found = 0;
while (!found) {
if (recvmsg(s, &m, 0) == -1)
err(1, "recvmsg");
for (cm = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&m); cm != NULL;
cm = CMSG_NXTHDR(&m, cm)) {
if (cm->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IPV6 &&
cm->cmsg_type == IPV6_HOPLIMIT &&
cm->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int))) {
found = 1;
(void)printf("hop limit: %d\n",
*(int *)CMSG_DATA(cm));
break;
}
}
}
DIAGNOSTICS
A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:
[EISCONN] when trying to establish a connection on a socket which
already has one or when trying to send a datagram with
the destination address specified and the socket is
already connected.
[ENOTCONN] when trying to send a datagram, but no destination
address is specified, and the socket hasn't been
connected.
[ENOBUFS] when the system runs out of memory for an internal data
structure.
[EADDRNOTAVAIL] when an attempt is made to create a socket with a
network address for which no network interface exists.
[EACCES] when an attempt is made to create a raw IPv6 socket by a
non-privileged process.
The following errors specific to IPv6 may occur when setting or getting
header options:
[EINVAL] An unknown socket option name was given.
[EINVAL] An ancillary data object was improperly formed.
SEE ALSO
getsockopt(2), recv(2), send(2), setsockopt(2), socket(2),
if_nametoindex(3), bpf(4), icmp6(4), inet6(4), netintro(4), tcp(4),
udp(4)
W. Stevens and M. Thomas, Advanced Sockets API for IPv6, RFC 2292,
February 1998.
S. Deering and R. Hinden, Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification, RFC 2460, December 1998.
R. Gilligan, S. Thomson, J. Bound, and W. Stevens, Basic Socket Interface
Extensions for IPv6, RFC 2553, March 1999.
W. Stevens, B. Fenner, and A. Rudoff, UNIX Network Programming, third
edition.
STANDARDS
Most of the socket options are defined in RFC 2292 or RFC 2553. The
IPV6_V6ONLY socket option is defined in RFC 3542. The IPV6_PORTRANGE
socket option and the conflict resolution rule are not defined in the
RFCs and should be considered implementation dependent.
DragonFly 6.3-DEVELOPMENT December 31, 2019 DragonFly 6.3-DEVELOPMENT